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Therefore, an all-encompassing cyber threat demands a holistic, immediate, and legitimate response as well as an ongoing debate with all affected stakeholders. Modern cyber threats blur the distinction between governmental and private attacks, do not distinguish between military and civilian targets, and occur both in peace- and wartime. The gradual increase of cyber attacks threatens the entire globe, because this new phenomenon defies all pre-existing international laws and military rules.

In 2017, NATO Secretary General Jens Stoltenberg emphasized the dangers of cyber attacks, whether against NATO’s critical infrastructure or on the national infrastructure of its member states, citing a sixty-percent increase in cyber attacks from 2016 to 2017. The definition leaves room for interpretation and simultaneously illustrates one of the current challenges in the cyber domain: defining the concept and limits of cyber attacks, leading to the (de)legitimation of any strategy/policy within the cyber defence field. According to this Manual, a cyber attack is “a cyber operation, whether offensive or defensive that is reasonably expected to cause injury or death to persons or damage or destruction to objects.” This definition was drafted by a group of legal experts acting under the auspices of the NATO Cooperative Cyber Defence Centre of Excellence (CCDCOE), based in Tallinn, Estonia.

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This analysis will constitute the basis for drafting policy recommendations for enhancing NATO’s efficiency and operability in the future, global cyber sphere.Ī concise definition of cyber attacks, carrying authority in (inter)national military doctrine, is supplied by the Tallinn Manual 2.0. Subsequently, NATO’s cyber defence strategy will be submitted to scrutiny. Prior to illustrating current challenges and elaborating on NATO’s future endeavours in the cyber field, this article will attempt to conceptualize the notion of ‘cyber defence’. Consequently, and similar to national security mechanisms and governments, NATO is challenged with conceptualizing and institutionalizing its cyber defence policy as well as reinforcing cyber security in its member states against the rapidly evolving field of cyber technology. In addition to cyber threats to civilians, companies, governments, and national militaries, NATO has faced several cyber attacks during this decade. To conclude, a multitude of policy recommendations will set out the way toward success for NATO’s new offensive Cyber Structure Command of 2023. Subsequently, examining these threats highlights the main future challenges and how this forms the stepping stones to move to the next chapter: NATO’s major policy shift from defensive to offensive cyber defence policy, as stated in the Brussels Summit Declaration of 2018. Second, the article will examine threats to the Alliance’s critical GPS infrastructure, particularly Russia’s meddling with foreign satellites. First, a discussion of the emergence of 5G networks and Huawei’s dominance of this technology will reflect on the question of if military safety can outweigh economic benefits.

This article will discuss NATO’s position vis-à-vis the two greatest future cyber threats: China and Russia.

However, amid a tremendous, rapid evolution of cyber technology, stretching from government misinformation campaigns to newly emerging critical infrastructure, there is growing potential for this technology to be used in cyber warfare. In its capacity to reconcile Allies’ strategies, foster the sharing of sensitive information between its members, and advocate for education and technological innovation, it has erected a multitude of training centres and cooperated with member states’ national military cyber trainings. To date, NATO has always relied on its defensive mandate to battle cyber threats. Active Cyber Defence and NATO: NATO’s innovative offensive strategy towards Russia and China